The finance of cross-border trade
Importers and exporters deal with long gaps between ordering and being paid, payments in other currencies, and costs beyond the purchase price. Cost per conversion, payment terms and documentation matter as much as the unit price.
Payment terms
- Advance payment protects the seller and exposes the buyer.
- Open account, where the buyer pays after delivery, favours the buyer and exposes the seller.
- A letter of credit uses banks to reduce risk for both sides, at a cost.
- Mixed terms, such as a deposit and the balance on delivery, are common middle ground.
Landed cost
The true cost of an imported product is the purchase price plus freight, insurance, duties, taxes, handling and currency costs. Work it out per product before you set a selling price, and agree shipping terms such as the Incoterm so both sides know who pays for what and when risk passes.
Currency
Exchange rates move between order and payment. Holding balances in the currencies you use lets you convert when the rate suits you, and a clear rate avoids hidden margins. Some businesses also agree prices in their own currency to shift the risk, which the other side may price in.
Funding the gap
Stock is often paid for months before it sells. Trade finance such as letters of credit and supplier finance is specialist, and your own bank is the usual starting point. Online lenders mostly lend against domestic receivables.
Common mistakes
- Pricing without a full landed-cost calculation.
- Paying a new supplier in full in advance.
- Converting every payment immediately at the bank's rate.
- Assuming general insurance covers goods in transit.
- Missing customs or tax documentation that delays shipments.